GBP1 and Salmonella Infections: To confirm the phenotype, we generated GBP1–/– HeLa cells by CRISPR-Cas9 genome targeting (Fig. 2a) and found that GBP1-deficiency completely abrogated LDH release down to the background levels that were observed in naive cells after Salmonella infection or LPS transfection (Fig. 2b, c and Supplementary Fig. 3h, i), without altering bacterial entry (Supplementary Fig. 3j–m).