TNF and infection: A proposed mechanism in a mouse model of infection suggests that DENV NS1 elicits an inflammatory cytokine response (e.g., TNF-a, IL-6, IFN-β, IL-1β and IL-12) and endothelial cell monolayer permeability via toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 activation [39] and effect is attached by glycosylation-dependent DENV NS1 endocytosis, similar to ZIKV and West Nile virus (WNV) [96].