Matsushita et al., demonstrated significantly higher levels of TH1-related, i.e., C-C motif chemokine 4-like (CCL4) and C-X-C motif chemokine (CXC) 10 (CXCL10), and the TH-17-related (and neutrophil-related) chemokine CXCL8 (IL-8) in NMO patients [184]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and neuromyelitis optica.