GPER1 and ovarian carcinoma: It is clear from the studies described in Section 3.1, Section 3.2, Section 3.3 and Section 3.4 using specific agonists and antagonists of ERβ and GPER1 that these receptors can also mediate estrogen signaling; however, their response to the clinically used anti-estrogens has not been studied in ovarian cancer.