TLR3 and neoplasm: Preclinically, it has been shown that eradication of aggressive murine B16 melanomas requires activated, non-exhausted effector T cells to traffic to the TME, which can be achieved by vaccination with a lentiviral vector encoding a tumor antigen, or transfer of activated tumor-specific T cells, followed by combined intratumoral injections of toll-like receptor 3 and 9 agonists4.