Furthermore, a large number of lysosomal enzymes were upregulated in AF+ microglia including cathepsins (CTSA, CTSB, CTSD, CTSF, CTSL, CTSZ) as well as several enzymes involved in lysosomal degradation such as amidases (ASAH1, GBA, NAAA), thioesterases (PPT1, PSAP, NAGA), proteases (TPP1, LGMN) and glycosyl hydrolases (HEXA, HEXB, GLB1). Here, CTSS is linked to atrial fibrillation.