Significantly, TGF-β upregulated BHLHE40 but downregulated BHLHE41 [123] in a teratocarcinoma cell line, where it promoted chondrogenic differentiation [12], and in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells, where it regulated the subcellular localization of Smad3 phosphorylation and suppressed the expression of snail, claudin-4 and N-cadherin [81]. This evidence concerns the gene BHLHE40 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.