TNF and chorioamnionitis: Other cytokines upregulated in women with intra-amniotic infection (30) such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, gamma interferon (IFNγ), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL10 were also increased in amniotic fluid from dams inoculated with isolate 3 or isolate 4 compared to vehicle controls (Fig. 3b).