In summary, EBV transformation can induce B-cell susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro in a CD4- and CXCR4-dependent manner, similar to IL-4 and/or CD40L stimulation of B cells as shown previously (12, 14) and CD4 can be detected on peripheral blood B cells and lymphoma cells in EBV-associated diseases. Here, IL4 is linked to HIV-1 infection.