HMOX1 and colitis: Figure 2A shows induced expression of 4-HNE in the DSS-treated group and its suppression when mice also consumed AG, HAG or PA. We have previously shown that AG and HAG suppress colitis in mice [18,19,21,22,30]. Consistent with our previous findings, AG, HAG, and now PA suppress colitis in DSS-treated mice (Figure 2A). Figure 2B shows induction of HO-1 in colitis (consistent with previous findings [31,32]) and further induction with administration of AG, HAG, or PA.