As expected, pre-infection of HFFs with TgRH88 tachyzoites or TgVEG sporozoites significantly suppressed IRF1 activation in response to IFNγ treatment (P<0.05; Fig 8A and 8B), while prior infection with N. caninum tachyzoites did not (Fig 8A and 8B). The gene discussed is IRF1; the disease is infection.