CDKN1A and infection: Since H. hammondi-infection induced genes related to DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, and since a subset of cell cycle arrest phenotypes (like quiescence regulated by the DREAM complex and cellular senescence) can be transmitted to bystander cells in a paracrine fashion, we used Transwell inserts to separate infected THP-1 cells from bystanders (Fig 5C) and quantified CXCL10, CCL22 and CDKN1A transcript in both classes of cells.