One study suggested that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol antigen of malaria induces monocyte and macrophage activation, resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1α, and the phagocytosis of both infected red blood cells and leukocytes [51]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is malaria.