GREM1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: It was reported that antibody neutralisation of GREM1 ameliorated pulmonary hypertension in mice.54 MicroRNA-27b inhibits GREM1 expression by directly binding to the 3′-untranslated region of GREM1, leading to inhibition of fibrosis in pulmonary cells,55 and microRNA-137 negatively regulates GREM1 expression in cervical cancer cells.56 However, there is paucity of data demonstrating the anti-carcinogenic effects of GREM1 inhibitors.