VCAM1 and chronic kidney disease: In CKD, vascular dysfunction can be demonstrated by the detection of circulating markers reflecting endothelium activation, such as von Willebrand factor, tissue factor, thrombomoduline, type I plasminogen inhibitor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cells adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and P and E selectins [60,61,62].