From mouse genetic studies, both NPAS1 and NPAS3 are associated with regulation of genes and behavioral endophenotypes implicated in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, though NPAS1/3 are also expressed by other cell types in the brain, such as cortical interneurons, which may contribute to observed behavioral effects of Npas1/3 loss of function (Erbel-Sieler et al., 2004; Michaelson et al., 2017; Stanco et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene NPAS3 and schizophrenia.