In our previous study in patients with primary ER-positive, HER2-negative primary breast cancer receiving adjuvant tamoxifen we have demonstrated that patients in the tumour subgroup with a preferentially activated PI3K and/or MAPK pathway derived no benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen, while those designated to the group without preferential activation had an improved relapse-free survival (Kruger et al. 2018). This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CA and breast carcinoma.