Besides antiviral proteins in the host system, a few pro-viral proteins were consistently increased at the mRNA level involved in virus-mediated infection, and they include TP, Cox-2, complement 1s and factor B, IFI44, XAF4, CXCL3. Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a potent angiogenic factor and a putative marker of cellular oxidative stress and is upregulated in patients of HBV and HCV infected liver tissue with an early event, and it becomes more prominent as the disease progresses to cirrhosis. Here, PTGS2 is linked to infection.