Phosphorylated p38 was in turn significantly upregulated after LVAD therapy irrespective of heart failure etiology (2.07 ± 1.11 vs. 1.17 ± 0.80 AU, P = 0.008 by comparing CHF+LVAD vs. CHF) especially in those with a longer time on LVAD (2.10 ± 0.94 vs. 0.90 ± 0.65 AU, P = 0.006 by comparing CHF+LVAD vs. CHF) and a lower LVEF at baseline (2.11 ± 1.19 vs. 0.80 ± 0.43 AU, P = 0.021 by comparing CHF+LVAD vs. CHF; see Fig. 11b). Here, MAPK1 is linked to heart failure.