Based on the factors that were found to hold independent prognostic value, an algorithm was established that includes the presence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), age at diagnosis, menopausal state, ER, PR, HER2 and Ki-67 status, invasive tumor size, tumor grade, method of tumor detection and number of positive lymph nodes [18]. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is ductal breast carcinoma in situ.