ITGA5, TCF3, SMAD3, KRT5, SNAI1, KRT18, DSP and SMAD2 are overexpressed in CS and underexpressed in NS, whereas VIM, SDC1, CDH11, MUC1, MMP2, ZEB2, ZEB1, LAMA2, TCF4, DDR2, CDH1, LAMA4, MMP3 ITGB6 and OCLN are underexpressed in CS and overexpressed in NS (Fig. 2). Here, SMAD3 is linked to Cowden syndrome 1.