KRAS and cancer: To assess signaling effectors downstream of KRAS in the regulation of self-renewal and TAZ levels in MiaPaCa2 and MDA-MB231 cancer cells, a constitutively active RAF mutant, RAF-22W [68], and membrane localizing PI3K catalytic subunit (p110α-CAAX) [69] were introduced to activate the RAF–MEK and PI3K/AKT pathway, respectively.