TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β signaling can also induce Treg differentiation by inducing the expression of FOXP3, the main transcription factor essential for the Treg phenotype, and then increase immunosuppression.195 Moreover, the TGF-β signaling pathway can also induce the expression of the transcription factor Snail in tumor cells and promote EMT, which may be another mechanism of TGF-β-induced immune escape (Fig. 5).196 Recent research has demonstrated that TGF-β promotes TIE via a mechanism independent of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway.