CCL2 and cancer: Moreover, the co-treatment with 1,25(OH)2D and TNF-α inhibited metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) protein expression, otherwise hyperactivated in presence of TNF-α alone, by demonstrating a further role of vitamin D in the regulation of infiltration, migration and cancer invasiveness [174].