As demonstrated in our normal fibroblast (NF) and colon cancer cell co-culture experiments, the addition of MSI-N1014 significantly reduced the ability of colon cancer cells to transform NFs into CAFs in part by reducing TGF-β1 and IL-6 expressions, both of which were shown to facilitate CAF transformation [27]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.