VIP and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia interferes with the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and various neuropeptides (substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, met-enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, beta-endorphin, and vasopressin), resulting in a multitude of effects on behavior, mood, appetite, and pain perception.