BDNF and neoplasm: In gynecological cancers such as ovarian, cervical, uterine, fallopian tubes, vulvar, vaginal, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms, neurotrophins strongly promote tumor-angiogenesis.205 NGF and BDNF can promote angiogenesis independently of VEGF (showed in Fig. 3); these factors could explain the resistance of tumors to anti-VEGF therapy.