TGFB1 and cancer: In NCAM1-deficient mice there is a decrease in Schwann-cancer cell contact and the invasion distance of nerves.198,199 Additionally, Schwann cells are a source of TGFβ that activate SMAD signaling in pancreatic cancer cells inducing migration, aggressiveness, and PNI, this effect is sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ-RI (SB-431542 inhibitor).200