For instance, dopamine inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation via downregulation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways, controlled by D1 receptors.248 In the case of gastric cancer cells, DA inhibits migration and invasion, potentially via inhibition of the EGFR-AKT pathway.249 In gastric cancer, increased expression of D2R negatively correlates with patient survival.250 Similarly, increased levels of D2R have been detected in samples of cervical,251 lung,252 and breast cancer.253 In preclinical cancer models, dopamine receptors are being studied as potential drug targets. Here, MAPK3 is linked to breast cancer.