TGFB1 and neoplasm: As a cell transforms to a malignant state, MEIS1/2 are epigenetically silenced in more aggressive prostate tumors (Bhanvadia et al., 2018) and expression of tumor-suppressive proteoglycans is suppressed, leading to decreased regulation of oncogenic signaling through pathways such as TGFβ, EGFR, cMYC, WNT, and IGF1R (Figure 7C).