For example, CXCL12 induces recruitment of TAMs after forming a complex with HMGB1 under the influence of CXCR4 [7], and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-derived exosomes (EXOs) promote PD1+ TAM expansion via HMGB1 [46]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.