LDHA and prostate carcinoma: Although HIF-1α- and c-Myc-related pathways can promote LDH-A expression 30, many studies have demonstrated that DNA methylation regulates the LDH-A ratio by promoting LDH-B promoter region hypermethylation in breast and prostate cancer, while the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine can restore the mRNA levels 13.