SPHK1 and pulmonary fibrosis: In the murine model of lung fibrosis, bleomycin-induced TGF-β secretion and phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, AKT, JNK1, and p38 MAPK were mitigated in Sphk1 deleted or SPHK1 inhibitor administered mice, demonstrating the interaction between the TGF-β and SPHK1/S1P signaling axis in vivo [126,150].