Thus, it has been suggested that increased expression of S1P lyase in IPF lungs could represent a compensatory mechanism to partly counterbalance the TGF-β- and S1P-induced inhibition of autophagy, and the enhanced expression of S1P lyase serves as an endogenous suppressor of PF [164]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.