TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: It has been reported that TGF-β1 induces PGE2, but not procollagen synthesis in human fetal lung fibroblasts that was pertussis-toxin sensitive [77]; however, other studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 downregulates COX-2 expression leading to decreased PGE2 in human lung cancer A549 epithelial-like cells, which is involved in fibrotic response to TGF-β1 [78].