The origin of anemia in HF is multifactorial and includes fluid retention, chronic kidney disease, undernutrition, relatively low levels of erythropoietin, inflammation, and drugs blocking the renin-angiotensin system that reduce erythropoietin, erythroid progenitors, and the degradation of an inhibitor of erythropoiesis [3,7]. The gene discussed is EPO; the disease is anemia (phenotype).