Loss of AID function was shown to ameliorate disease manifestations in mouse models for multiple sclerosis (MS) (21, 22) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (23, 24), although from these studies it can not be concluded whether this is related to loss of CSR or SHM, as both require AID. This evidence concerns the gene AICDA and systemic lupus erythematosus.