TGFB1 and neoplasm: To help cancer cells escape from immune recognition and killing, DC differentiation and maturation can be inhibited by a panel of cytokines, including VEGF, prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-13, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which can originate from tumor cells or stromal cells (97, 98, 100).