We also investigated the levels of antiviral factors (IFN-α and IFN-β) and CC chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES, the ligands of the HIV entry coreceptor CCR5) related to both the TLR9 pathway and HIV-1 infection/replication. The gene discussed is TLR9; the disease is HIV-1 infection.