TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: First, we observed that lnc-ITSN1-2 negatively regulated miR-125a in IBD and HC CD4+ T cells (Supplementary Figure 5A), then rescue experiments showed that miR-125a knockdown increased CD25+ cell percentage, CD69+ cell percentage, cell proliferation, and IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, and T-bet as well as RORC expressions in lnc-ITSN1-2 knockdown treated IBD CD4+ T cells (Supplementary Figures 5B–M).