Moreover, peripherally administered GLP-1 analogs, such as liraglutide and Val(8)GLP-1, can reduce amyloid plaque formation, prevent memory impairment and synapse loss in hippocampus, and rescue synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease (McClean et al., 2011; Gengler et al., 2012) and protect against Aβ1-40-induced impairment of hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and spatial learning in rats (Wang et al., 2010). This evidence concerns the gene GCG and Alzheimer disease.