AKT1 and neoplasm: In tumor cells and endothelial cells, stimulation with ligands of cell surface GRP78, such as α2-macroglobulin, T-cadherin, Cripto, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, induces activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling (Misra et al., 2006; Philippova et al., 2008; Kelber et al., 2009; Yin et al., 2017).