A low tyrosine phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) to serine phosphorylated IRS1 ratio is a characteristic of insulin dysregulation (Aguirre et al., 2002; Draznin, 2006) and is related to greater brain atrophy in AD patients (Mullins et al., 2017). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Alzheimer disease.