INS and Insulin resistance: Moreover, levels of insulin were significantly higher in F1m dams (F1c: 0.2 ± 0.04 ng/mL vs. F1m: 0.4 ± 0.1 ng/mL, p = 0.012), accompanied by elevated HOMA-IR (F1c: 0.6 ± 0.1 vs. F1m: 1.3 ± 0.2, p = 0.013), indicating a state of insulin resistance (Figure 4A).