VEGFA and lung carcinoma: In addition, fucoidan enhances the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of transforming growth factor-beta receptors (TGFRs) in lung and breast cancer, also inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in lung cancer, additionally inhibiting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2)/ERK/VEGF signaling pathway in anti-angiogenesis [3].