SNCA and epilepsy: However, upon subgroup analysis, the level of α-synuclein (serum and CSF) was upregulated in patients with intractable epilepsy while no association was observed in the α-synuclein levels among patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy and non-intractable epilepsy [62], suggesting that the estimation of α-synuclein rates may act as a useful prognostic marker for clinical assessment in intractable epilepsy [62].