IFNG and Cowden disease: Furthermore, experimental colitis induced by hapten reagent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) is characterized by a predominant Th1/Th17-mediated immune response with elevated production of IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, IL-27 and IFN-γ, and mucosal inflammation, which closely resembles important immunological and histopathological aspects of human CD [16,17].