Indeed, artificial intelligence techniques are required to analyse the ‘big data' generated by PIONeeR (e.g., immunomonitoring alone will result in hundreds of quantitative variables per time point, per patient), plus additional APHM routine patients (i.e., 521 NSCLC patients who have received anti-PD1/PDL1 treatment over the last 5 years). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.