TNF and encephalitozoonosis: In the murine model of encephalitozoonosis, IL-17 cytokine was either under the detectable levels [42, 50] or serum levels of IL-17 as well as other cytokines (TNF-α and IL-2) increased in E. cuniculi infected mice that received B-1 cells as an evidence of B-1 cells role in the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines [51].