KSHV (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) ORF45, for example, blocks phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of IRF7 during viral infection [99]; EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) LF2, a tegument protein, interacts with the central inhibitory association domain of IRF7 to inhibit the dimerization of IRF7 [100]; HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus type 1) ICP0 ring finger domain inhibits phosphorylation of IRF7 by targeting TBK1 and IKKε [89]. Here, IKBKE is linked to viral infectious disease.