ALB and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: This study indicated that risk factors for lupus include previous and current smoking, serum chloride, globulin, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, cholesterol, and lutein or zeaxanthin, while among protective factors against lupus are non-white race, obesity, the elevated levels of serum bicarbonate, creatinine, total calcium, vitamin B12, urinary albumin, and iodine.