This study indicated that risk factors for lupus include previous and current smoking, serum chloride, globulin, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, cholesterol, and lutein or zeaxanthin, while among protective factors against lupus are non-white race, obesity, the elevated levels of serum bicarbonate, creatinine, total calcium, vitamin B12, urinary albumin, and iodine. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and systemic lupus erythematosus.