In vitro conjugated ASOs that promote exon 3 inclusion in STAT3 by shifting axon 3a inclusion to exon 3b, which lacks nucleotides encoding the carboxyl terminal transactivation domain, induce apoptosis and tumour regression in a murine breast cancer model and targeted ASOs that induce MDM4 exon 6 skipping and decrease MDM4 protein levels reduce tumour growth in patient-derived xenograft melanoma and lymphoma models and are currently under clinical evaluation (Fig. 6b [304]. Here, MDM4 is linked to melanoma.