Bronchoalveolar lavage from patients who developed severe pneumonia possessed a unique macrophage population that expressed high levels of inflammatory chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11) and ISGs (APOBEC3A, ISG15, ISG20, GBP1, GBP5, IFITM3, MX1), which are similarly upregulated in TB and HIV-TB patients [16]. This evidence concerns the gene APOBEC3A and tuberculosis.