NFKB1 and infection: Following infection by Listeria monocytogenes, Drosophila melanogaster STING (dmSTING) detected CDNs produced by bacteria and mediated the induction of antimicrobial peptides through the NF-κB factor Relish, thus reducing Listeria-induced lethality.48 In this study, by exogenously expressing it in mammalian cells, researchers found that dmSTING was unable to activate IRF3, suggesting that, in addition to autophagy, NF-κB induction might be another original function of STING predating its ability to induce IFN signalling.