This includes a pseudohypoxic microenvironment for lactate and glutamine shuttling between CAFs and cancer cells (reverse Warburg effect) [131,132], chemotherapy resistance [133,134], immunotolerance via Treg cells [135], and positive feedback loops involving IL-1/TGF-β1/VEGF/ROS and HIF [136]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.